TRANSISTORS :)

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.


Read more:

http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm

http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/trancirc.htm 

http://nobelprize.org/educational/physics/transistor/history/ 
hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor